What Are Hpv Vaccine - 871 Words

On February 2, 2007 Texas Governor Rick Perry issued an executive order, that every girl from ages 9-26 be given the HPV vaccine. In order to understand the uproar that followed, we must understand several aspects of the order. First, we need to understand what the HPV vaccine is. What is HPV, and how does it get transmitted? Second we need to understand what lobbying is, and how it can be applied to this case. Once we identify these important aspects, we can draw a conclusion about whether this political decision was genuinely for the citizen’s protection, or the governor’s wallet. HPV is short for Human Papillomavirus. The virus can cause anal cancer, mouth/throat cancer, vaginal cancer, and cancer in the penis for men. â€Å"There are about 17,500 women and 9,300 men affected by HPV-related cancers every year† (Eggen 1). It has been medically proven that the vaccine could have prevented the cancer. The human papillomavirus is passed from one person to another during any skin to skin sexual contact. The virus is most common during late teen years to early twenties. The vaccination is recommended for preteen girls and boys at age eleven or twelve. Some parents feel as though this is preparing their child for sex, and do not find it morally acceptable. However it has been proven that â€Å"the HPV vaccine has a better response in preteens, and this could essentially mean better protection for a child† (Eggen 1).Some social conservatives objected at the time that the vaccine wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Penile Cancer1458 Words   |  6 PagesPapillomavirus (HPV), and that 14 million Americans become infected annually (CDC HPV Questions and Answers, 2016). Human Papillomavirus can cause penile cancer in men, cancer of the vulva, vagina or cervix in females, and esophageal, oropharyngeal, and anal cancers in both men and women (CDC HPV Questions and Answers, 2016). Consequently, 27 million Americans annually are diagnosed wit h cancer from HPV (CD11.7C What Is HPV, 2016). The morbidity and mortality rates for cervical cancer caused by HPV in theRead MoreInformative Essay on Hpv1566 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) Testing What is the Human Papillomavirus? Commonly known as HPV, it is an infection that spreads through sexual contact. There are over one hundred different types of HPV; several types cause genital warts, while other high risk strands can lead to cancer of the cervix, anus, vagina, and penis. Because HPV is often asymptomatic, many people are unaware of their infection status, and thus, their potential for transmitting the virus to a sexual partner. The significanceRead MoreHpv Vaccine, The Cochrane Library, And Google Scholar1229 Words   |  5 Pagesterms included â€Å" human papillomavirus vaccine†, â€Å" human papillomavirus†, â€Å"HPV†, â€Å" human papillomavirus safety and effectiveness†, â€Å"human papillomarvirus vaccination rates†, â€Å"HPV randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews†. Since licensure of the HPV vaccine in 2006, HPV vaccine coverage among US adolescents has increased but remains low compared with other rec ommended vaccines. Studies show that the influence of accurate information about vaccines is maximized when conveyed from providerRead MoreThe Common Sexually Transmitted Infections1539 Words   |  7 Pagessix, a scientist created two vaccines that protect the human body from contracting the virus. The Food and Drug Administration approved Gardasil and Cervarix because they were clinically tested to be safe on humans. Unfortunately, ever since the HPV vaccine was developed and approved, people started to neglect the vaccine because it has to be taken at the age of eleven or twelve for both boys and girls. Some parents fear that if their child is exposed to the vaccine it might encourage early sexualRead MoreHPV: The Most Common Sexually Transmitted Infection Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagestransmitted infection (STI) is human papillomavirus (HPV) (CDC, 2013). Over half of sexually activity people will become infected with HPV at some point in their lifetime (National Cancer Inst itute, 2012). HPV can fall into two categories: low-risk HPV and high-risk HPV (National Cancer Institute, 2012). Low-risk HPV, also known as HPV types 6 and 11, cause about 90% of genital warts (National Cancer Institute, 2012). High-risk HPV, also known as HPV types 16 and 18, causes about 70% of cervical cancerRead MoreHuman Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Vaccine Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine My niece is 11 years old and my sister-in-law is being pressured from doctors, friends, and even the news media to give her a certain type of vaccination called HPV, Gardasil being the most common. At the end of our conversation, she mentions that at least she has a choice and turned to me, saying you may not have a choice when your kids are that age. I was stunned and she goes on to tell me how the government is trying very hard to make this particular vaccinationRead MoreThe Truth About Human Papillomavirus1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe Truth about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and around the world (The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia [CHP], 2009). Today, parents vaccinate their children because vaccinations are recommended by the child’s pediatrician and most importantly vaccinations are required for the children to attend school. When a new vaccine becomes available parents are becoming reluctant to get the vaccination for their child fearing negativeRead MoreCervical Cancer Essay785 Words   |  4 Pagesestimated that 79 million Americans are currently infected with a strand of Human Papilloma virus (HPV), and that 14 million Americans become infected annually (CDC HPV Questions and Answers, 2016). HPV was discovered in 1979 when HPV-16 and HPV-18 were found to be linked to cervical cancer (Hausen, n.d.). Every year 27 million Americans get cancer from HPV (CDC What Is HPV, 2016). Cancers associated with HPV whose rates were larger than the mean U.S. rate (11 .7 per 100,000) were located in the SouthernRead MoreThe HVP Vaccine Controversy Essay565 Words   |  3 PagesHPV Vaccine is it helping young girls or making thing worse for them, everyone has their own believes if it will make a differences for young girls and their future. In both articles Mike Adams and Arthur Allen discusses their own issues on the topic of the HPV vaccines. Adams and Allen discuss the cost of the vaccine, public health issue, and the risk young girls having by getting the vaccine or not getting the vaccine. Nation wide people have their own opinions on the HPV vaccine, and weatherRead MoreHuman Papillomavirus ( Hpv ) Vaccine1429 Words   |  6 PagesEssay: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Prior to June of 2006, Human Pappilomarius (HPV) was almost unheard of to the general public. But after FDA approval of Gardasil manufactured by Merck Co., HPV vaccine became the headline of many articles and breaking news of many TV channels. Why? Let’s us explore it. According to World Health Organization (WHO), HPV worldwide is the most common sexual transmitted Disease (STD). There are more than 100 strains of HPV and in those 13 strains are known

The True Experience Of War - 1668 Words

In high school, very few teachers know of the true experience of war. When learning about war in class, most teachers take their information right from the textbook. I was lucky to have the experience of having a teacher who knew the actual effects of war on a person when I took a European history class with Marilyn Lubarsky. She spoke a great deal about her father’s experience with war and stories she had heard from former students who went on to serve in the military. Upon hearing that I needed to interview someone with a direct experience with war, Marilyn seemed to be the perfect candidate to interview. As with any story, it was best for me to begin by asking her about her father, Robert Lubarsky’s beginnings in the military. Robert first enlisted in the military the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. The lines for enlistment, that stretched for blocks of New York City, were filled with the young children of immigrants. To hear that there we re lines of young boys my age willing to put their lives on the line for their country really shocked me. It made me think to myself, would I be willing to put my life on the line in a similar situation? It made me extremely thankful and embarrassed for myself. I was thankful that there has not been a situation where me joining the army was necessary but I was embarrassed because I never realized how unthankful I was for the life I lived. Sitting in an air-conditioned library bares no comparison to theShow MoreRelatedIntrospection in How to Tell a True War Story, and Into the Wild1494 Words   |  6 PagesTell a True War Story† Tim O’Brien expresses his thoughts about the true war story and how the war story is changed according to the person who tells it. Jon Krakauer illustrates Chris McCandless’s journey into the Alaskan wilderness and reasons for McCandless’s gruesome death in an isolated place, in his book â€Å"Into the Wild.† O’Brien relates introspection and a soldier’s war story by saying that the war story portrays the feelings of a soldier. A soldier’s war story is not the exact war story;Read MoreIt Is Difficult For A Soldier To Recall And Relate His Or Her Experiences Of War771 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿It is difficult for a soldier to recall and relate his or her experiences of war. During war, soldiers are often throw into a confronting and new experience where they quickly learn about the true hardship and struggle of warfare. Being deployed onto new a surrounding, unpredictable events can occur which may lead to detrimental effects on soldiers physically and more importantly mentally. Especially after returning from a war, a solder can show great signs of post dramatic stress due to the traumaRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1441 Words   |  6 Pages a novel written by Tim O’Brien, is a set of short stories about the soldiers’ experiences fighting in the Vietnam War. He reflects and tells his experiences about the war. Stories far from pride, triumphs or combats, show O’Brien’s feelings and experiences of friendship, loss and love and how they affected them after the war. People tell stories so they can understand each other in a better way, to share experiences, this is a way to keep the memories that might have f aded alive. Storytelling becomesRead MoreWilfred Owen Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesportrayal of these conflicts with the reality. Owen purpose is to challenges our thoughts and perspectives on war to show its true effects and stop the glorification that it receives in society. This can be seen in his poem Dulce et Decorum Est as he causing us to question whether it really is sweet and decorous to die for ones country by showing the reality of war through his personal experiences. These views can also be seen in the poem Anthem for Doomed Youth as Owen portrays the treatment the deadRead MoreSuffering And Human Cruelty : The War Experience1282 Words   |  6 Pagesinescapable in the war experience† By: Kristen Manoski Sixteen million. That is the number of deaths that resulted from World War One. 16 million soldiers, defending their nation, trying to do what is right. The violent and scarring nature of war is implanted into the minds of both soldiers and civilians, altering their personality, state of mind and placing deep strain on their lives.This years theme is â€Å"Suffering and human cruelty is inevitable and inescapable in the war experience†, and I, an avidRead MoreThe Things They Carried Questions1139 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Things They Carried† Questions a) The main topic of this novel is burdens. O’Brien is writing about what burdens the soldiers and he had to carry throughout war, physically and emotionally. One way I know is because of the title- â€Å"The Things They Carried.† This title almost summarizes the whole book. O’Brien frequently showed and explained the burdens that were inner conflicts of his and outer conflicts too. In the chapter â€Å"The things They Carried,† O’Brien showed an emotional burdenRead MoreHow to Tell a True Story by Tim OBriean Essay869 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was the longest war in the United States history. Whether they volunteered or were drafted, one out of ten soldiers did not survive the war. With the average age of the men being just twenty-one, they were not grown up enough nor mature enough to deal with such tragedy, and grotesque, unspeakable encounters. During the span of the twenty-four years that the U.S. helped fight in the Vietnam W ar; 58,148 men and women died in action. Families, friends, and neighbors all fought for theRead MoreHow To Tell A True War Story by Tim O ´brien1000 Words   |  4 PagesTell A True War Story† In Tim O’Brian’s short excerpt, How to Tell A True War Story, the narrator recounts his hardening experiances in the Vietnam War (1956-1975). O’Brian details the story of Rat during the war, and his experiances losing his best friend. Through the use of literary divices such as imagry, paradoxical ideas, as well as themes that juxtapose each other, O’Brian is able to deliver an effective message in reguards to the complex relationship between physical war and war storiesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) T im O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead More Fact Verses Fiction in OBriens The Things They Carried Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesCarried The difference between fairy tales and war stories is that fairy tales begin with Once upon a time, while war stories begin with Shit, I was there! (Lomperis 41). How does one tell a good war story? Is it important to be accurate to the events that took place? Does the reader need to trust the narrator? In The Things They Carried, Tim OBrien examines what it takes to tell a good war story. He uses his own experiences in Vietnam in conjunction with his imagination to weave together

Capital Market Efficiency and Its Implication for Financial Reporting Free Essays

Capital market efficiency has been a widely debated topic since the term was introduced. The efficient market hypothesis was introduced by Eugene Fama in 1970 and is one of the most important topics that is covered in financial accounting theory. There have been many papers and studies that have backed the efficiency market hypothesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Market Efficiency and Its Implication for Financial Reporting or any similar topic only for you Order Now There have also been many others that have tried to show that the markets are inefficient. Are securities markets efficient or not? I believe that they are, and because they are efficient, there are multiple implications of efficient securities markets for financial reporting. In 1970, Eugene Fama introduced the efficient market hypothesis. Since there are many definitions and forms of an efficient securities market, I will focus my attention on the semi-strong form. In the semi-strong form, a market is considered efficient when security prices traded on that market at all times fully reflect all information that is publicly known about those securities. This hypothesis or theory has had many proponents for and many against it in recent years. These people have done their own studies and research on the market trying to either prove or disprove that the markets are efficient. An important statement in the definition of an efficient securities market is publically known. It focuses on the theory that the market prices are efficient and include all publicly known information. It does not rule out that some people will have inside information, and they will know more about the company than the market. Since these people know more than the market, they may be able to earn excess profits on their investments if they choose to take advantage of their inside information. While most insider trading is legal, it is illegal for insiders to trade when they trade with information that is not publicly known to further their own profits. By enacting trading laws, like insider trading, it just further solidifies that the markets are efficient. Market efficiency is a relative concept. This means that the market is efficient relative to the quality and quantity of the publicly known information. Nothing in the definition suggests that the current market prices reflect the real firm value. Due to the possible presence of inside information, for example, the market prices may be incorrect. What the definition does imply is that once new or corrected information comes along the market will adjust the prices quickly. This adjustment happens because rational investors will revise their beliefs. They will start buying and selling securities due to their new beliefs which in turn will change prices. Another important point of the theory is that investing is fair game if the market is efficient. In an efficient market there is an expected return on that security, and one way to establish the expected or normal return is by using the capital asset pricing model. In an efficient market, the investors cannot expect to earn excess returns on a security over and above the expected return of the capital asset pricing model. Under the efficient market hypothesis, a security’s market price should fluctuate randomly over time. The reason that prices will fluctuate is that anything about the firm that can be expected will be properly reflected in the price by the efficient market as soon as the expectation is formed. The only reason that prices in an efficient market will change is if some unexpected and relevant information comes along. By examining a time series form by the sequence of price changes, the time series should fluctuate randomly. A random walk is a time series of price movements that will not follow any patterns or trends and that these past movements cannot be used to predict future price movements. There seems to be an increasing number of people against the theory of market efficiency including Professor Charles Lee (2010). He states that the market efficiency has its limitations. He uses the United States housing market as an example of a market that seems to have been dominated by greed. He believes that emotions now dominate the markets and assist in setting the prices in the securities market. The other emotion that he points out is that of fear. The unwillingness to grant credit and to take risks are direct results of fear. Since these emotions dominate people’s actions, the markets are not as efficient as originally thought. Shiller (1984) created a model which featured two types of agents. The two types of agents are â€Å"smart-money† investors and noise traders (ordinary investors). The smart-money investors focus on fundamental information and react quickly to news about fundamental information in an unbiased manner. Noise traders are vulnerable to fads and may also overreact to news. Noise traders may also trade for consumption-based or liquidity reasons. Since there are noise traders in the market that assist in driving prices, the markets are not completely efficient. Critics of market efficiency also point out that there are several recent instances where the market prices must have been set by psychological considerations instead of by rational investors. The first example is the stock market crash of October 1987. During this crash, the general economic environment stayed the same, but the stock market lost about one-third of its value. A second example is the Internet â€Å"bubble† of the late 1990s. The values assigned to high-tech and Internet related companies were inconsistent with rational valuation. In looking at market efficiency, any large swings upwards or crashes downward that do not have related unexpected information can be signs that the market is not efficient. Despite these cases and examples of reasons that the market is inefficient, I believe that for the most part the market is efficient. It is not completely efficient, nor will it ever be, but for the most part the securities are properly priced. I believe that if the market was not efficient, there would be more professional investors that would be able to beat the market as a whole. I believe that with the information and the speed with which it is available today it is more efficient than in 1970 when Fama first introduced market efficiency. I do agree with the notion that there are some people who invest with emotions. When you talk to people about a company such as Apple, you will find just as many people who â€Å"love† the company as you will who dislike it. My feeling is that most of the emotion trading will for the most part cancel out and will not represent enough trading to dramatically adjust market securities prices. There are many fund managers who believe that they can outperform the market. Efficient markets depend on these participants who think that the market is inefficient and trade in the market in an attempt to outperform the market. Jensen (1968) performed the first study of mutual fund performance. He found that active fund managers underperformed the market and were unable to add value. In my personal research, I have found that when looking at â€Å"professional† analysts opinions, they are all over the board. My belief is that fund managers should focus more on correctly diversifying people’s portfolios than suggesting and trying to get them to invest in securities that they feel are undervalued. In order for the market to be efficient, the arket must be able to quickly analyze and adjust prices for new information. Nowadays with the Internet, investment journals that come out daily, and television shows and channels related to securities markets, the markets are more efficient than in the past. An example of the market being able to react quickly was in the article â€Å"The Stock Price Reaction to the Challenger Crash: Information Disclosure in an Efficient Market. â€Å" Maloney and Mulherin found that â€Å"the market pinpointed the guilty party within minutes. Regardless of whether you agree with the efficient securities markets theory or not, there are many implications of efficient securities markets for financial reporting. In W. H. Beaver’s article â€Å"What Should Be the FASB’s Objectives†, he outlines four implications. The first implication is accounting policies adopted by firms do not affect their security prices, as long as policies are disclosed. The accounting policies have no differential cash flow effects, and the information is given so readers can ea sily convert across different policies. The policy that is chosen will affect the reported net income, but it will not directly affect future cash flows and dividends. The efficient market is not fooled by different accounting policies when securities of firms are compared. The second implication is that efficient securities markets go hand in hand with full disclosure. Management should report firm information if the benefits are greater than the costs. Investors use information that is available to them to improve decisions in market efficiency. Confidence in the securities market will increase because of the information available. An important standard of full disclosure is Management Discussion and Analysis. The objective of MDA is to enhance investor understanding of the issuer’s business by providing supplemental analysis and background material to allow a fuller understanding of the nature of an issuer, its operation, and known prospects for the future. The third implication is that market efficiency implies that financial statement information does not need to be presented in such a form that everyone is able to understand. The majority of investors are educated and will understand the information as presented. They are the ones who buy and sell and will move market prices to an efficient level. Naive investors are then price-protected since they can trust the efficient market to price securities. The final implication is that accountants are in competition with other information providers. With new pertinent information investors will change their beliefs. This revision of beliefs is a continuous process. If accountants did not provide useful, cost-effective information, the usefulness of this function would decline to other information sources. Accounting information is generally useful to investors. The theory of efficient securities markets has been around for more than forty years. The concept should be around for many years to come. As in all theories, there are people that will continue to try to further prove the theory and people that will work to disprove the theory. From all available information and from my experience, I believe that securities markets are efficient. Due to the efficient securities markets, there are many implications for financial reporting. How to cite Capital Market Efficiency and Its Implication for Financial Reporting, Papers