Essay on Aztec and Inca Religious Zeal - 1726 Words

Aztec and Inca Religious Zeal The Aztec and Inca peoples lived in militaristic and expansionist societies whose ideals were fueled by their religious convictions. Expansionism was necessary for both societies to support their religious beliefs. The religious zeal of these two civilizations became something that the leaders of the empires could not control. These empires were built through ideologically driven conquests, which became the cornerstones of their societies and something beyond the control of the rulers. Every imperialistic nation has a motive for expansion. Military, materialism, and missionary are three of the biggest motives foe expansion that imperialistic countries use to expand their borders. Conquests†¦show more content†¦This required the Mexicas’ to go out and make war with their neighbors and then ruthlessly take prisoners of war for later sacrifice. It was believed that the strength from the sacrificed captives’ souls would strengthen the sun in its ongoing battl e with the forces of darkness (Conrad, 38). This need for the sun to constantly be appeased set the Mexica people out on divine missions for sacrificial bodies that took the form of imperial conquests. Mexica rulers flooded their lands with propaganda that promoted their imperialistic religion. Most of the Aztec’s art and literature was made up of this propaganda, which created this religious fervor among the people that grew beyond the control of the ruling elites. â€Å"Oral literature, monumental art, written codices, and public and private ceremonies instilled and continually reinforced belief in the divine struggle and the unceasing need for sacrificial victims† (Conrad, 51). Furthermore, religious zeal was strengthened by the guarantee that immortality would be granted to warriors who died in the divine quest and increased social standing awaited those who faired well in wars (Conrad, 52). The Aztec empire was conquering new lands but not staying to govern them. â€Å"Moctezuma II inherited not only a tradition of glorious military achievement but also its product: a far-flung, loosely organized, and totally unstable imperial hegemony† (Conrad, 60). Moctezuma II recognized this problem withShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires In this essay I will tell how the Aztec and Inca empires ended, and also I will compare the fall of both empires, using for a point of departure the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the land of Mexico. Wherever the Spanish went always the same thing happened, from my point of view. Innocent people were killed for no good reason, cities were massacred, civilizations were destroyed or forced to convert to Christianity. And so, I think now is theRead More Columbus and the New World Discovery Essay4487 Words   |  18 PagesIn a book especially produced for the fair, the historian Meyer Kayserling summed up the prevailing assessment of Columbus: In the just appreciation of his great services to mankind, all political, religious and social differences have vanished. How things changed in a century! Political, religious, and social differences, far from vanishing, place Columbus today in the center of a world-wide cultural civil war. The great hero of the nineteenth century seems well on the way to becoming the greatRead MoreEurope and the New World: New Encounters4462 Words   |  18 Pagesof the Mongol Empire reduced Western traffic to the East âž ¢ A number of people became interested in reaching Asia by sea âž ¢ Merchants, adventurers, and government officials had high hopes of finding precious metals and new areas of trade Religious zeal ⠝â€" A crusading mentality was strong in Portugal and Spain The Mean ⠝â€" The expansion of Europe was connected to the growth of centralized monarchies during the Ren. âž ¢ Ren. Expansion was a state enterprise âž ¢ By the 2nd  ½ of the 15th centuryRead MoreIntegration of Spanish Empire2531 Words   |  11 Pagesestablished a capital at Manila, a location that offered the outstanding harbor of Manila Bay, a large population, and closeness to the sufficient food supplies of the central Luzon rice lands. Manila became the center of Spanish civil, military, religious, and commercial activity in  the islands. By 1571, when Là ³pez de Legaspi established the Spanish city of Manila on the site of a Moro town he had conquered the year before, the Spanish grip  in the Philippines  was secure which became their outpost

Sci/241 Supplements Free Essays

Dietary Supplements Ashley Kaiser SCI/241 October 14, 2012 Diane Peffer Dietary Supplements Just like anything there are good things and bad things that can come along with it. Our bodies need certain things such as nutrients, water and even certain minerals to survive and be healthy. Although many times we lack getting the correct amounts so there are things that are made to help make sure we get the amount needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Sci/241 Supplements or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of these things that are made for us to help in our daily diet is dietary supplements. Many people think of dietary supplements as containing just one type of thing such as minerals, but in reality there are different dietary supplements that are meant for different things. A dietary supplement has a basic definition of dietary supplements are vitamins, minerals, herbs and other substances that are meant to better someone’s diet. A dietary supplement can come in many different shapes and sizes such as pills, powders, capsules and even liquids. Many of these dietary supplements can help a person’s health out greatly, such as a pregnant woman taking folic acid while help prevent some birth defects for their baby (MedlinePlus, 2012). When it comes to taking dietary supplements there are positive benefits for taking them. It is proven that if a person eats a well-balanced diet they should be able to get enough of the vitamins, minerals and such that they need, but If a person’s body is lacking taking a dietary supplement can make up for that. Dietary supplements are also used as a therapeutic measure toward certain health conditions or risk factors. One of the main supplements that are used to treat something is Iron; this is used to keep a person from getting anemia which is an iron deficiency (Perry, 2011). There are also risks that occur with using dietary supplements that range from different levels and even things. In the United States dietary supplements are not watched and regulated as strictly as drugs are. Although it is stated that they may not sell unsafe products there are many product out there being sold as dietary supplements and they are not. Some of these products are weight loss products, muscle building products, and even sexual enhancers. It can also be dangerous if a person is taking too much of a supplement, such as vitamin B6 which can cause nerve damage if taken in big doses for a long time. A person should also always check with their doctors before taking any dietary supplements because it can react to medication a person is on or some should be avoided before surgery’s (Perry, 2011). Although there are many different regulations out there for medications there are only certain ones for dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are not watched very closely and are not made to register with the FDA. They are still required to tell the FDA what adverse effects occur with dietary supplements such as injuries and illnesses, and they are also made to make sure that the labels are not misleading and the product is safe. The best way to know if a dietary supplement is safe is by purchasing it under something called the good manufactured practices program. This program has strict and detailed guidelines for making products meant for any consumption by a person (Marks, 2011). There are many different dietary supplements out there on the market meant to aid in certain ailments. One supplement is called Nature’s own travel well ginger, which is meant to help manage motion sickness. Many travelers or people period get motion sickness from different things such as driving to even seasickness. However, this medication does not help with nausea and vomiting it also helps with digestion, abdominal or intestinal cramping, and even maintaining healthy digestive function. The dosages for this supplement is to take one pill a half hour before traveling and every two hours after as needed, but do not exceed more than three per day. It states that there are nothing showing of negatives to treat this ailment but if the issue persists that the person should contact their doctor (My Health Warehouse, 2012). As it has been proven there are plenty of positives about dietary supplements but one still needs to be wary about them. It may be something that will or can help you to lose weight but remember that dietary supplements do not need to be watched over by the FDA. In the past people did not have any of these dietary supplements to aid in anything. Exercise and a good and healthy diet can make a big difference in a person (Marks, 2011). References Marks, S. (2011). Government Regulations for Dietary Supplements. Retrieved from http://www. livestrong. com/article/469833-government-regulations-for-dietary-supplements/ MedlinePlus. 2012). Dietary Supplements. Retrieved from http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements. html My Health Warehouse. (2012). Nature’s Own Travel Well Ginger 1000 30 Tablets. Retrieved from http://myhealthwarehouse. com. au/health-condition/health-condition-general-wellbeing/nature-s-own-travel-well-ginger1000. html Perry, M. (2011). Dietary Supplements 101: Definition, Benefits, Risks, and Regulations. Retrieved from http://www. builtlean. com/2011/11/10/dietary-supplements/ How to cite Sci/241 Supplements, Papers

Strategic HR Planning and Presentation

Question: Describe about strategic HR planning for the ABC service agency? Answer: Introduction: Strategic planning for an organization appears to be the most essential tool of development that focuses on strengthening the operation. It is rather considered to be a fundamental decision of adjusting the organizational factors (Han et al. 2006). Strategic plan documents essential approaches which targets in managing the market orientation. In this current research work the researcher is going to focus on the specific strategical planning and development by focusing on the HR planning process of ABC service Agency. 1. Organizational Goal: The main objective of ABC Service Agency is to provide extensive service to its designated customers and clients and helps them out to fight with the difficult problems. The main goal of the organization is to assist the client organizations with skilled manpower. Allowing these organizations to run with their goals and to develop the ethical attributes, the approach of The ABC Service Agency is literally effective (Lawler, 2008; Caldwell, 2008). The goal of the organization is to target of managing ethics and providing the children a proper care. In order to keep the parents tension free the organization wants to provide the parents better people. Permanent and interim staffing process appears to be helpful for the organization. Within next five years The ABC Service Agency targets to attain the significant market orientation. Objectives: The ABC Service Agency has set some of the specific objectives which need to be fulfilled. The basic attributes of objectives are: To critically sketch the necessities of the customers and strategizing the best quality of service to be provided. To expand the marketing strategy that may bring more intensity to the financial aspects of the organization. To increase the total amount of profit within next five years. Vision: The vision is focused on letting more people to be employed and thereby helping the client organizations to use the workforce intrinsically. The vision is developed prosperously to be achieved within the next five years. Within next 10 years the organization visions at improving their service intensively and providing a superficial service to the customers. As the customers are seeking more sophisticated services for their children, the company, by providing quality oriented service to the customers, visions at attracting more fancy of the customers. Mission: The mission is to achieve the professional efficiency. The organization targets at situational and professional development which allows in engaging more efficiency. The mission of the organization is to expand its hemisphere which accosts in determining development. The target has been made fixed on the strategical development of the marketing hemisphere. 2. Strategic HR Planning for the ABC Service Agency: For HR management approach strategic planning appears to be one of the most sophisticated tool of HR management. Graham Tarbell (2006) have critically stated that it HR management is directly linked with strategic planning of the organization. The organizational approaches are fruitfully managed and ensure the organization for managing a proficient work force. Development in staffing and future direction of the organization appears to be helpful from the budgetary point of view. The service approach for the organization is literally helpful in order to manage the congenial factors. The purpose of HR planning is human resource and process development. The strategic planning manages the trendy impact on the human resource development. The flexibility in the areas of management is literally helpful. The HR management approach is literally helpful for managing the organizational ethics. Managing the current HR capacity for an organization is literally helpful that helps in managing the ethical approach. Fombrun et al. (2008) is of this view that basic requirements of HR ethics that are needed to be focused on the involvement of a staff within the organizational perimeter and to bridge the gaps within the HR principles. For ABC Service Agency the basic duty of HR management is to develop the strategic attributes. Managing the employees and the clients is the main motto of the HR department to be followed. In order to achieve the goal and missions of the organization, it appears to be helpful for managing the strategic goals of the organization. The main HR objective of ABC Service Agency is to let the current employees of the organization to be managed properly. The goals of the organization targets at managing more efficiency and indulging the HR attribute. Garavan et al. (2008) has critically pointed out that the main aim of the HR department is to handle both the clients and the employees of the organization. The approaches of organizational strategy are literally helpful for attaining more cohesion in the business attitude. 3. Gap Analysis: Within five years ABC Service Agency expects to reach to a significant point in consulting services. At the same time the organization also targets at attaining more financial benefit. In 2013, a report of Budhwar Debrah (2010) project, ABC Service Agency has acquired a net profit of $13 billion which in the coming five years targets at to reach $20 billion. But it is needless to be pointed out that it is really a huge ambition which the organization may not always be able to achieve. In order to recruit skilled personals the organizations generally prefers to hire people from ABC Service Agency. At the same time having huge placement offers being provided, ABC Service Agency is also becoming a favourite place for the job seekers as well (Bonache Fernandez, 2008; Colbert, 2010; Farndale Paauwe, 2010). In order to achieve the organizational goals, the approach of the organization is really essential. The organizations are having a specific development in their approaches. As providing of the highest quality of service is the mandatory for the organization it leads to attain an immense advocacy. The gap is the main attribute which appears to be helpful in order to develop the structural ethics. The main gap of the business is of having intense difference between the aims of the organization and the policies those are being taken. What is more, ABC Service Agency is short in managing the data and information of its clients. This is why, often it is seen the company barely is able to maintain its customers and its details. At the same time, mistakes are also natural in this case. 4. PESTEL Analysis: In order to identify the internal and external approaches of the management and to ensure a performance strategy, application of the tool like PESTEL is really helpful for the organizational development. The PESTEL analysis focuses on some of the specific attributes: political, economical, social, technical, environmental and legal. In the following section the researcher is going to focus on determining some of the specific approaches. Political Issues: Managing of the political issues for ABC Service Agency is literally necessary which helps in developing the strategical attributes. It is quite sure although that ABC Service Agency has to face different political problems (Ball, 2007; Wright, 2008; Geppart Williams, 2006). But it has a significant aspect of cultural development at the same time. Managing of the political attributes for ABC Service Agency stands to be really necessary that helps in avoiding the problems. Understanding of the environmental attributes is literally necessary form the organizational perspective. Economical Issues: In the past few years ABC Service Agency has literally grown up significantly which has added in managing the economical issues sophistically. In the past few years, it is seen that the organization has gone through an economical problem. The economic problems are becoming more severe for the organization to cope up with (Bechet, 2008). The company needs to be detrimental in their approaches for deploying more genuineness. Economical issue is becoming a real problem for organizational development. Social Issues: In these days the demand of caring of the children and adult is increasing in these days. As ABC Service Agency appears to be a more social organization its approaches are also sophisticated in nature (Becker, 2008; Batt, 2007; Bordia Blau, 2008). People become very attracted to the social issues. The social issues are very much intrusive that helps in developing the organizational ethos at the same time. Technological Issues: ABC Service Agency barely uses any upgraded technology. Digital database management system has not been installed so far which seems to have been creating problems. The technical issues are really congenial to their approaches. Therefore, application of the technical issues is becoming a problem for the organization. Environmental Issues: ABC Service Agency follows the environmental issues essentially which helps in developing the organizational ethics. It seems to be essentially helpful for the organization to manage the essential environment issues. Legal Issues: ABC Service Agency follows the legal attributes which seems to be helpful for the organization to manage the social and legal ethics. 5. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is the tool which helps the organization to ascertain the external and internal market prospects of an organization. In the following section the researcher is going to shed light on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of ABC Service Agency. Strengths: For ABC Service Agency the main strength is the staffs that are committed to their work. As the staffs are quite committed to their approaches, customer satisfaction is the most congenial factor helps in development. As quality oriented services are provided customers become intrinsic in their approaches to cherish them (Weeks, 2010; Saunders Hunter, 2009). If any difficult problem appears before the organization while handling any problem, innovative approaches are literally undertaken. This can really be stated as one of the sophisticated strengths of the organization. Weaknesses: It is often said that proper monitoring is not conducted always which creates problems in the organizational development (Boxall Purcell, 2007; Black Gregersen, 2007; Bhatnagar Sharma, 2007). Lack of proper coordination between different departments creates troubles. Rare use of technology and poor database management system has also created problem. Having poor management system stands to be a direct problem for the organization (Christensen, 2006; Kearns, 2009). The employees are often seemed not to be affluent in their approaches for managing the organizational ethics which also stands to be a problem for the organization. Opportunities: Opportunities are the most specific factors which creates spaces for ABC Service Agency to be developed in the coming days. It seems that the demand of creating more opportunities in the market place is really essential for creating a strategical development of the market place (Florkowski Schuler, 2008; Fey Pavlovskaya, 2009; Ericksen Dyer, 2008). This helps in managing the organizational ethics. Increase in the viability of the organizational approach is literally helpful to attain the potentiality of the market place. Social recreational approaches are getting high in these days creation and in the coming days it is expected to be hiked in the coming days. With financial benefits it is expected that in the coming days ABC Service Agency will attain more financial benefit. With the increase of the consumer population, the company can expect to make growth (Doty, 2008; Budhwar, 2009; Budhwar Boyne, 2004). Threats: ABC Service Agency is literally suffering from funding approach. Financial drawback is the main threat for the organization. At the same time, staffing is a huge challenge for ABC Service Agency. In order to give good care to the clients, proper staffing is really necessary. At the same time, people of same status seem to seek for the same caring people who are barely available for the organization (Kenton Yarnall, 2010; Storey Salaman, 2009; Withers, Williamson, Reddington, 2010). On the other hand, the management is not so much bold in their approaches. People of disabilities always seek for intrinsic help which needs to be properly provided to the customers. Competition with the other organizations is becoming a challenge for ABC Service Agency to attain the market objectives. 6. HR Strategy and its Approach for Proposed HR Program: For ABC Service Agency some specific HR strategy is needed to be developed which needs to target at attaining the organizational benefits. In the following section the researcher is going to discus some of the strategies and its perpetual benefits. At the same time, how much the organization has to cost for this approach will also be discussed. Development of the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) for ABC Service Agency is really essential. It appears that the organization has to face severe problems only because of not maintaining the database properly. Once the organization becomes able to manage the data and information of the clients, it will really be fruitful for the development of the organizational ethics (Beckers. Bsat, 2009; Becker Gerhart, 2009). With application of proper information technology system client management will also be helpful for the organization. It can be developed from two different perspectives: first, keeping the data of the clients and second, managing the data of the applicants. On one hand, HRIS helps the organization to maintain a sophisticated communication with the market place and to ascertain the actual demand of the customers of the market place. The second strategy that ABC Service Agency can target to be fulfilled is the cost saving. As it is seen the company targets at acquiring $20 billion within 5 years, for achieving this target, the organization has to curtail up its cost. Smith (2007) can be pointed by saying that by curtailing down of the cost only does not let the company feel benefitted, it at the same time ascertains less expend from the customers end as well. Application of the cost saving is literally a significant approach which paves way for savings. Rothwell Kazanas (2004) has critically stated that with more savings the company can use it for serving the customers in a better way. It seems to be a natural approach which helps in achieving the organizational ethos at the same time. In some of the cases it is seen that ABC Service Agency fails to take proper decisions. Management is not always sophisticated to understand the actual demand of the market place which fails them to serve the market place properly. If the management can understand the proper demand of the market place a proper decision to control the market can be taken. If ABC Service Agency is able to take proper decisions for the market place, it will also be able to control and achieve the competitive advantages of the market place. It also enables the organization to understand what types of employees are needed to be hired. Finally, time saving is the approach that ABC Service Agency is needed to be implemented specifically. If the clients can be served with their demands essentially within a short time span it is able to make them feel happy. This also results the clients to be faithful towards the organization. Adamik (2008) mentions once a client gets benefitted from a product or service it let the other acquaintances to be attracted as well. This also appears to be beneficial for the market development. The aforesaid strategies are essentially needed to be successfully attempted to be fulfilled which ascertains the organizational development. 7. Cost and Benefit Analysis: In this section of the research work the researcher is going to narrate the cost and benefits analysis for this research study. Option 1 (HRIS development) Option 2 (Cost Saving) Option 3 (Decision Making) Option 4 (Time Saving) Appraisal period (years) 5 5 5 5 Capital Costs $0 $2,000,000 $30,000,000 $30,000,000 Whole of Life Costs $3,000,000 $5,000,000 $33,000,000 $33,000,000 Cost-benefit analysis of monetary costs and benefits at the Public Sector Discount Rate Present Value of Benefits $2,402,119 $3,122,754 $15,708,243 $18,069,055 Present Value of Costs $2,402,119 $4,402,119 $32,031,748 $32,031,748 Benefit Cost Ratio 1.00 0.71 0.49 0.56 Net Present Value $0 -$1,279,364 -$16,323,505 -$13,962,694 Multi-Criteria Analysis ranking of intangible costs and benefits (if any) Criteria 1 1.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Criteria 2 1.25 2.25 1.50 Criteria 3 0.60 0.90 1.20 1.20 Criteria 4 0.40 0.30 0.50 0.80 Weighted Score 3.8 6.0 4.2 6.0 Table 1: Cost Benefit Analysis For HRIS Development it projects that if the organization spends a specific amount it seems to get more benefits. It is expected that with the application of HRIS may seem to be successful. With cost saving approach the organization can gain more sophistication. With the application of the proper decision making process it is expected that ABC Service Agency can gain more benefits of the market place. Finally the time saving approach also casts a detrimental effect to appease the necessities of the customers and can let them attracted to visit the company ()refer to appendix). 8. Stakeholder Approach: For ABC Service Agency the basic stakeholders are the customers and the employees who stand responsible of organizing. The stakeholders for ABC Service Agency are managed sophistically. Disabled persons and children who are completely or partially dependent on the others help, ABC Service Agency is committed to extend their complete support to those people. Rather, employees are also significantly managed as well which adds more intensity in the working structure. Black Gregersen (2007) have stated that all the employees of ABC Service Agency is seriously committed to their work. In order to render good services to those clients they are intrinsically trained and directed. The necessities of the customers are intrinsically managed. On the other hand, as to run the organization, financial flow is the most necessary attribute. ABC Service Agency seems to patronize the shareholders and investors who maintain the finance flow in the organization. In order to attain the faith of the targ eted group, the stakeholder management is the chief attribute managed by the organization. 9. Conclusion: Throughout this research work the researcher mentions the HR policies and the HR activities that ABC Service Agency needs to attain. The researcher has stated all these attributes with an intense prodigality which accosts in managing the organizational strategies as well. Reference List: Books Adamik, J. (2008). Developing a strategic benefits program. Scottsdale: WorldatWork Press. Bechet, T. (2008). Strategic staffing. New York: American Management Association. Christensen, R. (2006). Roadmap to strategic HR. New York: American Management Association. Kearns, P. (2009). HR strategy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Kenton, B., Yarnall, J. (2010). HR, the business partner. Oxford, U.K.: Butterworth-Heinemann. Rothwell, W., Kazanas, H. (2004). Improving on-the-job training. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Saunders, J., Hunter, I. (2009). Service led design. Farnham, England: Gower. Smith, D. (2007). Strategic outsourcing. Scottsdale, AZ: WorldatWork. Storey, J., Salaman, G. (2009). Managerial dilemmas. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons. Weeks, S. (2010). HR manager's guide to project management. Toronto: Carswell. Withers, M., Williamson, M., Reddington, M. (2010). Transforming HR. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Journals: Ball, K. S. (2007). The Use of Human Resource Information Systems: a Survey. Personnel Review, 30(6), 667-693 Batt, R. (2007) Managing Customer Services: Human Resource Practices, Quit Rates, and Sales Growth, Academy of Management Journal, 45, 3, 587 597. Becker, B. Gerhart, B. (2009) The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospect, Academy of Management Journal, 39, 4, 779801. Becker, B.E. (2008) Methodological Issues in Cross-sectional and Panel Estimates of the Human Resource-Firm Performance Link, Industrial Relations, 35, 3, 400 422. Beckers, A. M. Bsat, M. Z. (2009) A DSS classification model for research in human resource information systems, Information Systems Management, 19(3), 4150. Bhatnagar, J. Sharma, A. (2007) The Indian Perspective of Strategic HR Roles and Organizational Learning Capability, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 9, 1711 1739 Black, J.S. Gregersen, H.B. (2007) High impact training: forging leaders for the global frontier. Human Resource Management, 39(23), 173184. Bonache, J. Fernandez, Z. (2008) Expatriate Compensation and its Link to the Subsidiary Strategic Role: A Theoretical Analysis. International Journal of HRM, 8(4), 457-475. Bordia, P., Blau, G. (2008) Pay Referent Comparison and Pay Level Satisfaction in Private versus Public Sector Organizations in India, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 9, 1, 155 167 Boxall, P. Purcell, J. (2007) Strategic human resource management: where have we come from and where should we be going?, International Journal of Management Reviews, 2(2), 183203. Budhwar, P. Debrah, Y.A. (2010) Rethinking comparative and cross national human resource management research. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(3), 497515. Budhwar, P.S. (2009) Competition and Change: Mapping the Indian HRM Recipe against World-wide Patterns, Journal of World Business, 32, 3, 224 242. Budhwar, S., Boyne, G. (2004), Human Resource Management in the Indian Public and Private Sectors: An Empirical Comparison, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(2), 346 370. Caldwell, R. (2008). HR business partner competencies models: Re-contextualising effectiveness. Human Resource Management Journal, 18(3), 275-294. Colbert, B.A. (2010) The Complex Resource-based View: Implications for Theory and Practice in Strategic Human Resource Management, Academy of Management Review, 28, 3, 341 358. Doty, D.H. (2008) Modes of Theorizing in Strategic Human Resource Management: Tests of Universalistic, Contingency, and Conà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ gurational Performance Predictions, Academy of Management Journal, 39, 4, 802 835. Ericksen, J., Dyer, L. (2008) Toward a Strategic Human Resource Management Model of High Reliability Organizational Performance, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 907 928 Farndale, E. Paauwe, J. (2010) Uncovering Competitive and Institutional Drivers of HRM Practices in Multinational Corporations, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, November, pp. 355-375. Fey, C. Pavlovskaya, A. (2009) The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Firm Performance in Russia, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11, 1, 1 18. Florkowski, G.W. Schuler, R.S. (2008) Auditing human resource management in the global environment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5, 827852. Fombrun, J. C., Tichy, N. M. Devanna, M. A. (2008) Strategic Human Resource management, 4th ed. Canada: John Wiley Sons Garavan, T. N., Morley, M., Gunnigle, P. Collins, E. (2008) Human capital accumulation: The role of human resource development, Journal of European Industrial Training, 25: 4868 Geppart, M. Williams, K. (2006) Global, national and local practices in multinational corporations: towards a socio-political framework. International Journal of HRM, 17 (1): 49-69. Graham, M. E. Tarbell, L. M. (2006). The importance of the employee perspective in the competency development of human resource professionals. Human Resource Management, 45(3), 337-355 Han, J., Chou, P., Chao, M. Wright, P.M. (2006). The HR competencies-HR effectiveness link: A study in Taiwanese high-tech companies, Human Resource Management, 45(3), 391-406 Lawler, J. (2008). Strategic human resource management. Handbook of Organization Development, p. 353. Wright, C. (2008). Reinventing human resource management: business partners, internal consultants and the limits to professionalisation. Human Relations, 61(8), 1063-86.

Violence in Television and Video Games Does the Medias Message Matter Essay Example

Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Medias Message Matter Essay ApostlesViolence in Television and Video Games: Does the Medias Message Matter In this short essay about violence in television and video games it starts off talking about a very popular TV show at one point the sopranos. the author then goes on to talk about how in one of the episodes of sopranos Tony television and video games it starts off talking about a very popular TV show at one point the sopranos. the author then goes on to talk about how in one of the episodes of sopranos Tony Soprano murders one of his associates and dismembers the body and dumped the body parts. hen the author talks about a few months later to brothers where caught for strangling and cutting her head and hands off and the only reason they were caught is because a security guard saw them dumping a large bundle into the dumpster and saw that a foot was sticking out, the police immediately claimed that the sopranos TV show is the reason for the teenagers acts. the short essay goes on to talk about by the time of ones elementary school graduation a child will have seen eight thousand murders and eight hundred thousand acts of violence on TV. The experts say that watching high levels of media violence makes people more prawn to act more aggressively. Researchers have also linked video games to the same effects as the media violence but later goes on to say that it various between one another. I feel that some people are influenced by media violence and video game violence but not all are prawn to these effects, it just seems to make sense that if you play a violent video game every day and it doesnt have to be the same for about a year to a year and a half i bet there will be some violent or aggressive traits that where brought on by the game. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Medias Message Matter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Medias Message Matter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Medias Message Matter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on HMO

â€Å"In the United States of America†¦there are basically two groups of people who can’t be sued: foreign diplomats and HMOs† (Reid, 242). The ability for patients to sue their HMOs is not a guaranteed right. In most cases it’s not a right at all, at least not yet. Several cases have been won and Congress is trying to pass legislation to pave the way for this to change. Patients rely on HMOs to provide quality health care that covers their needs. Unfortunately this has not always been the case. HMOs can be negligent and can be guilty of malpractice; therefore, patients must be allowed to sue their HMOs for these wrongs. HMOs, or Health Maintenance Organizations, were created to help curb rising health costs and provide managed care instead of pay-as-you-go doctors. The problem with these for-profit organizations is that they provide health care for large numbers of patients, and thus must deny certain types of care in order to keep costs low. Keeping costs low and trying to provide care that reflects what the majority of people need means that specialized care is left out. Yet even if an HMO refuses to provide care, it cannot be sued. Denying care to patients, or having incompetent physicians are both forms of negligence. Judge Learned Hand is quoted in the article â€Å"Lawsuits Could Force HMOs to Improve Cost-Benefit Balance† stating, â€Å" negligence occurs whenever it would cost less to prevent a mishap than pay for the damages predicted to result from it†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (D11). This is definitely something that a company or individual can be sued for, but HMOs are covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974. ERISA restricts Bodart 2 states from writing laws relating to â€Å"employer benefit plans,† such as HMOs. It was set up to â€Å"ensure uniform national requirements for multi-state employer plans,† and to protect â€Å"self-insured health plans from potentially costly state regulation† (... Free Essays on HMO Free Essays on HMO â€Å"In the United States of America†¦there are basically two groups of people who can’t be sued: foreign diplomats and HMOs† (Reid, 242). The ability for patients to sue their HMOs is not a guaranteed right. In most cases it’s not a right at all, at least not yet. Several cases have been won and Congress is trying to pass legislation to pave the way for this to change. Patients rely on HMOs to provide quality health care that covers their needs. Unfortunately this has not always been the case. HMOs can be negligent and can be guilty of malpractice; therefore, patients must be allowed to sue their HMOs for these wrongs. HMOs, or Health Maintenance Organizations, were created to help curb rising health costs and provide managed care instead of pay-as-you-go doctors. The problem with these for-profit organizations is that they provide health care for large numbers of patients, and thus must deny certain types of care in order to keep costs low. Keeping costs low and trying to provide care that reflects what the majority of people need means that specialized care is left out. Yet even if an HMO refuses to provide care, it cannot be sued. Denying care to patients, or having incompetent physicians are both forms of negligence. Judge Learned Hand is quoted in the article â€Å"Lawsuits Could Force HMOs to Improve Cost-Benefit Balance† stating, â€Å" negligence occurs whenever it would cost less to prevent a mishap than pay for the damages predicted to result from it†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (D11). This is definitely something that a company or individual can be sued for, but HMOs are covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974. ERISA restricts Bodart 2 states from writing laws relating to â€Å"employer benefit plans,† such as HMOs. It was set up to â€Å"ensure uniform national requirements for multi-state employer plans,† and to protect â€Å"self-insured health plans from potentially costly state regulation† (...

Lesothosaurus - Facts and Figures

Lesothosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Lesothosaurus (Greek for Lesotho lizard); pronounced leh-SO-tho-SORE-us Habitat: Plains and woodlands of Africa Historical Period: Early Jurassic (200-190 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet long and 10-20 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; large eyes; bipedal posture; inability to chew About Lesothosaurus Lesothosaurus dates from a murky time in geologic historythe early Jurassic periodwhen the first dinosaurs had just split into the two main dinosaur groups, saurischian (lizard-hipped) and ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs. Some paleontologists insist that the small, bipedal, plant-eating Lesothosaurus was a very early ornithopod dinosaur (which would place it firmly in the ornithischian camp), while others maintain that it predated this important split; yet a third camp proposes that Lesothaurus was a basal thyreophoran, the family of armored dinosaurs that includes stegosaurs and ankylosaurs. One thing we do know about Lesothosaurus is that it was a confirmed vegetarian; this dinosaurs narrow snout had a beak-like appearance on the end, equipped with about a dozen sharp teeth in front and many more leaf-like, grinding teeth in the back. Like all early dinosaurs, Lesothosaurus was unable to chew its food, and its long hind legs indicate that it was very fast, especially when being pursued by larger predators. However it winds up being classified, Lesothosaurus isnt the only ancestral dinosaur of the early Jurassic period that has continued to puzzle paleontologists. Lesothosaurus may or may not have been the same creature as Fabrosaurus (the remains of which were discovered much earlier, thus giving the name Fabrosaurus precedence if the two genera wind up being merged, or synonymized), and it may also have been ancestral to the equally obscure Xiaosaurus, yet another tiny, basal ornithopod native to Asia.

Determine the water resources in your hometown area (Canton, Ohio - Assignment

Determine the water resources in your hometown area (Canton, Ohio - Stark County) - Assignment Example In the end a unified approach will be adapted, incorporating all the perspectives, to address the issue of conservation of water. According to the US 2009 census, the estimated population of Canton-Massillon, Ohio Metropolitan statistical area is 408, 005 (US Census Bureau, 2009). Most of the urban population depends upon ground water for consumption and daily usage purposes. The area receives its water supply through 3 different ecological mechanisms, all of which are interconnected through a complex hydrologic and infiltration cycle. The major sources of water supply are: (1) Precipitation (2) Surface water resources (3) Ground water resources. We will briefly explain each one of them with particularly greater emphasis upon ground water resources and it’s the primary source of water supply to the area. The graphical illustration below reveals that on average 3.5 to 3.7 inches precipitation falls every month on Stark country. However, considering the fact that seasonal changes and yearly extremes severely affect the precipitation rate, the following data may not be reliable while analyzing long term precipitation rate. Data revealed by â€Å"Ohio state university extension fact sheet† demonstrates that, all the minor rivers, streams and lakes eventually drain into Ohio River near Beaver, Pennsylvania and Ohio River at Marietta (in Washington County). Furthermore, the infiltration capacity of soil also plays a significant role as it determines the amount of rainfall water to be trapped on the surface or infiltrate into the soil. As mentioned earlier, the availability of ground water is dependent upon the chemical and physical properties of geologic formation. For a better understanding of ground water resources, the nature of aquifers should be analyzed in detail. As the following figure â€Å"Ground water resource map†

Policy Memo to an elected state or federal offical Assignment

Policy Memo to an elected state or federal offical - Assignment Example Nurses form the largest group or component of the health care work force and are the front-liners and first responders in most medical cases. As such, they are often in the best position to advise on how to further improve the delivery of health care services and enhance patient safety. All of these desired changes can be achieved if an appropriate law is passed allowing nurses to practice to the full extent of their education and training, similar to the way physicians services today are covered under Medicare. This was one of the four recommendations made by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in its 2011 report that is entitled â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health† and in particular that of Recommendation No. 2 (Expand opportunities for nurses to lead and diffuse collaborative improvement efforts) requires legislative support to amend certain state laws and provisions in this regard. Reforms in the health care system under Obamacare likewise mandate thi s change. Background – the recent passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or Obamacare in 2010 was to initiate comprehensive reforms in the American health care system to provide safer, higher-quality, more affordable, and easier accessibility health care services to increasing diverse populations of America with its changing demographics towards more elderly citizens. Intention of these reforms is to provide wellness and disease prevention programs that will enhance overall health outcomes and at the same time provide for compassionate health care across the entire life span of an individual patient by improving the quality of life (Institute of Medicine, 2011). The ACA is expected to bring into the formal health care system an additional 32 million Americans (ibid.) which will further put pressure on the resources of the present health care system to

Jury Trial Analysis Essay Example for Free

Jury Trial Analysis Essay Jury trial refers to a legal proceeding, whereby a panel of adjudicators makes decisions that are put into practice by the judges. A jury decides upon dubious issues of fact that can either be in a criminal or civil trial. It is a constitutional right for those charged with criminal and civil offenses to face trial by jury. However, in civil trials the defender and the offender can have a consensus of having a bench trial before a judge. Therefore, it is evidenced that jury trial takes place only in those situations where one side in a civil case, or the accused in a criminal case, have a belief that it is in their best interest. It also has an effect on the ruling of cases that never go to trial. In jury trial, there are five main steps that are keenly followed. The first step involves the selection of a jury. In this step prospective jurors show up in a courtroom. The defensive and prosecution lawyers together with the attorneys, interview them through a process called voir dire which means to speak the truth. This procedure is aimed at authenticating whether any of the jurors has a secretive interest in the case, a chauvinism or bias that may negatively influence him or her as a juror. For instance, the defensive lawyer can request to have the juror excused if he or she is afraid of guns. There are two main challenges faced at this stage, challenge for cause and authoritative challenge. Each of the side has the ability to discard a juror capriciously (Denver Criminal Attorney, 2009). Jury selection is completed and an oath is administered for those chosen in a particular case. However, they are lawyers who are specialized in jury selection and they will do excellent in this part of trial. Secondly, both sides in the case participate in an opening statement. First, the prosecutor gives a brief summary of what the trial is about, the offense that the defendant is being accused of and how they will prove his guilt. Thereafter, defensive attorney gives his opening statement in order to summarize how he will demonstrate his client is above suspicion. However, opening statements are not evidence but are only anticipation of what each side waits for the evidence to prove. The third step involves presentation of evidence and testimony of witnesses. The prosecutor takes the first step of professing witnesses and presenting various physical facts such as weapons and documents to evidence the defendant’s guilt. There is cross-examination of his witnesses by the defensive lawyers. After the prosecution is done with his presentation, the defense gets the floor and also presents its own witnesses and evidence. The prosecution gets an opportunity to cross-examine defense witnesses too. Finally, both sides ‘’respite ‘’their case. The fourth step entails closing arguments and presentation of jury instructions. The defense firstly, confirms how the prosecution did not prove its case. The prosecution goes last winding up its case. It is substantiated that the prosecution has the’’ burden of proof’’ and therefore it goes first and also last. The judge interprets the instructions of law to the jurors, defines their responsibilities, what evidence to consider and the law that governs the case. The final step in a jury trial is deliberation. The jury goes to the deliberation room to judge the case and arrive at a verdict. A foreperson is identified to ensure that every juror is given a fair opportunity to participate. In case of any need for clarification, it is written down and the bailiff presents it to the judge (Morrocco). Finally, when a judgment has been attained, jurors agree to it and sign a form then they alert the bailiff. It is then read by the clerk and the judge discharge the jurors. In a jury trial, the constitution allows for fair and impartial treatment of the accused. There are several constitutional rights of a defendant during a jury trial. For instance, the defendant has a right to remain silent, confront witnesses, represented by an attorney and also has a right to adequate and sufficient representation. This is mainly practiced in criminal prosecutions. Jury trial is in deed one of the better systems of judgment of single or a panel of judges who have a lot of bias. Every party in a jury trial is mandated to enjoy the right to a detached jury of the center where the crime shall have been committed. The legal system must use the proper and accurate means of obtaining information and evidence against a suspect (Jury Service). So as to ensure selection of unbiased jury, each of the prospective jurors is ordered an oath to speak the truth. Usually, twelve jurors are selected having two of them being chosen as alternates. Stringent instructions are given as a way to ensure fairness and impartiality as a jury. To maintain the highest standards of fairness in a jury trial, an independent jury must be appointed each year to appraise the application and also select participating juror.

Promotion and Pricing Analysis Paper :: essays research papers

Dodge Chrysler The Dodge brothers (John and Horace) got their start making parts for Ford and other automobile makers. From the first Dodge Brothers automobile in 1914, the Dodge brothers' durability and quality have earned the Dodge Company a strong reputation and good sales. After the death of both Dodge brothers, the company started selling 1.5 ton trucks. The postwar Dodge trucks were introduced at the same time as GM and Ford trucks, Dodge managed to beat both those larger companies in sales. In 1971, dodge introduced its "Lifestyle" trucks, designed to meet the needs of families who used them mainly for towing trailers on vacations but also for harsh towing jobs in general. It was rugged, yet comfortable to ride in and not too hard to drive. Recently Daimler Benz, maker of the Mercedes Benz, buys Chrysler. Chrysler customers are not sure whether they should remain loyal to the vehicles they grew up with, or buy another car not manufactured by the German. When the new better looking, better handling, more reliable models come out, they got over it pretty quick. Promotion Dodge has revamped their marketing strategy and tactics since Daimler Benz bought the company. Dodge use to promote family vehicles that were reliable, affordable and mainly workhorses with not much style or class. Dodge now provides the exact same image with increased reliability and much more style and class than other brands for the same affordable price. Dodge conducts the majority of their promotions threw television but have also done radio, print, Internet and publicity. An example of a television promotion would be when a middle class couple are leaving their average family home with children and are very well dressed on their way to a fabulous night out on the town in style and luxury. They arrive at an obviously expensive restaurant and valet park their Dodge Ram Quad Cab. This promotion portrays the image that even a family and work vehicle can still be classy or sporty enough to take part in luxurious night life and still be affordable. This promotion is directed toward all families including the higher class of financial standing. An example of how Dodge used publicity as a form of promotion would be when the Dodge Ram won Truck of the Year four times consecutively. This award was not only widely promoted threw publicity but threw print as well. Billboards have shown a sporty Dodge Ram SRT with the Truck of the Year trophy.

Human resource management Specialisation Essay

Concept of compensation-Exploring and defining the compensation context–System of compensating–compensation dimensions-concept of reward–Role of compensation in Organization- Non-financial compensation system–Concept of total reward system-New trends in compensation management–The 3-P compensation concept. Compensation and Employee Behaviour: Bases For Traditional Pay System and Modern Pay System–Establishing Pay Plans–Aligning Compensation Strategy with HR Strategy and Business Strategy-Seniority and Longevity pay- Linking Merit Pay with Competitive Strategy-Incentive Pay-Person focus to Pay–Team Based Pay. Designing Compensation System: Building internally consistent Compensation System-Creating Internal Equity through Job Analysis and Job Valuation-Building Market Competitive Compensation System-Compensation Surveys– Integrating Internal Job Structure with External Market Pay Rates-Building Pay Structures that Recognize Individual Contributions-Constructing a Pay Structure-Designing Pay for Knowledge Program. Employee Benefits Management: Components-Legally required Benefits–Benefits Administration–Employee Benefits and Employee Services–Funding Benefits through VEBA–Costing the Benefits–Components of Discretionary Core Fringe Compensation-Designing and Planning Benefit Program–Totally Integrated Employee Benefit Program. Contemporary Strategic Compensation Challenges: International Compensation and Competitive Strategies-Executive Compensation Packages– Compensating Executives-Compensating the Flexible Workforce-Contingent Employees and Flexible Work Schedules–Compensation for Expatriates and Repatriates–Strategic Issues and Choices in Using Contingent and Flexible Workers. Introduction: Definition, concerns and scope of PM. Performance Appraisals. Determinants of job performance. Mapping, process, sequence and cycle of PM. Performance planning and Role clarity. KPAs- Performance Targets. Trait, Behavior and Results approaches to measuring performance. The impact of HRM practices on performance. Performance Appraisal: Assessment center-psychometric tests. Role Play–Self-appraisal-360 Degree appraisals-Rating-less 14 appraisals for the future of PMS. Critical incidents worksheet, Combining behavior and outcomes, Attribution theory-Causal matrix. Diagnosis and Performance improvement. Performance review, Performance analysis. Performance Bench marking: Human information processing and performance loop, performance shaping factors–Yerkes– Dodson’s Law-Corporate performance management-EFQM Excellence model–Diagnostic and Process bench marking. PM Audit, PM pathway analysis. The impact of Performance Management on Line managers and Employees. Competency mapping and Pay Plans: Competency Mapping–Mercer’s Human Capital Wheel–Human Asset worth estimator and Accession rate-CIPD Human Capital framework, Performance, Competence and Contribution related pay models. Cafeteria benefits plan, call back pay. The McBer Generic managerial competency model- Competency causal flow model-Competency gap–Competency Assessment-Balanced Score Card framework. Performance Metrics and Models: Performance measures pyramid. Steps for designing metrics, Wang Lab, Smart pyramid, Conceptual, DHL, RCN Models of PM, Gilbert’s performance matrix and Behavior Engineering model. Direction of trouble shooting with Behavior model–Mager and Pipes trouble shooting model – ATI performance improvement model, Spangenberg’s Integrated model of PM, Sears model for organizational performance.

Boutique Managment System

1. Boutique Management SystemThe purpose of Boutique Management system is to implement the computerization of the clothes inventory and sales etc. BMS (Boutique Management System) that designed to manage your boutique is very user friendly software. With this software, you can generate report based on your preference (daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly).Scope:-BMS (Boutique Management System) should be designed to manage your boutique in a very user friendly way. With this software, you should generate report based on your preference (daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly). The program consists of the following modules:Source listing This module is supposed to identify the products by their discription. Add products This module is supposed to take the inputs from an input device. Add customers This module is capable of adding customers in the specified formats. Update and delete products This module will update and delete products. Update and delete customers This module will be able to u pdate and delete customers SearchingIn this module the admin or employee can search the customer or products from the database based on criteria’s TransactionsThis module will take up transactions like selling products, buying products from supplier updating cash and updating the bills. Appropriate actions will be taken.Report GenerationThis is a client program which will request for reports. 1). Registration of any new product 2) Functional specification for SearchThe search should be a case insensitive search for items which contain the search key word. The search results should display all the items which matched the search criteria. It will return only those items which are up for sale currently. 3) Sell an ItemWhen the user clicks on Sell an item link, then a page comes up which allows the user to do the following: Provide a title for the item and a description of the Item.A text box to put in the price A text box to provide the date.4) Category SearchingWhen the user cl icks on any of the Categories, a new page should open up which shows all the items up for sale in the Category. 5) Buy an Item (Item page)The Item page contains the following:- The title of the Item The Description of the Item The name of the Seller The current price.6) Edit an ItemThe sellers should be able to edit the item. The seller should be able to do the following:- Change Price and description

The History of Small Business in the United States

The History of Small Business in the United States Americans have always believed that they live in a land of opportunity, where anybody who has a good idea, determination, and a willingness to work hard can start a business and prosper. Its the manifestation of the belief in a persons ability to pull themselves up by their bootstraps and the accessibility of the American Dream. In practice, this belief in entrepreneurship has taken many forms over the course of history in the United States, from the self-employed individual to the global conglomerate. Small Business in 17th and 18th-Century America Small businesses have been an integral part of American life and the US economy since the time of the first colonial settlers.  In the 17th and 18th centuries, the public extolled the pioneer who overcame great hardships to carve a home and a way of life out of the American wilderness. During this period in American history, a majority of colonists were small farmers, making their lives on small family farms in rural areas.  Families tended to produce many of their own goods from food to soap to clothing.  Of the free, white men in the American colonies (who made up about one-third of the population), over 50% of them owned some land, though it was generally not much. The remaining colonist population  was made up of slaves and indentured servants.   Small Business in 19th-Century America Then, in 19th-century America, as small agricultural enterprises rapidly spread across the vast expanse of the American frontier, the homesteading farmer embodied many of the ideals of the economic individualist.  But as the nations population grew and cities assumed increased economic importance, the dream of being in business for oneself in America evolved to include small merchants, independent craftsmen, and self-reliant professionals. Small Business in 20th Century America   The 20th century, continuing a trend that began in the latter part of the 19th century, brought an enormous leap in the scale and complexity of economic activity. In many industries, small enterprises had trouble raising sufficient funds and operating on a scale large enough to produce most efficiently all of the goods demanded by an increasingly sophisticated and affluent population. In this environment, the modern corporation, often employing hundreds or even thousands of workers, assumed increased importance. Small Business in America Today Today, the American economy boasts a wide array of enterprises, ranging from one-person sole proprietorships to some of the worlds largest corporations. In 1995, there were 16.4 million non-farm, sole proprietorships, 1.6 million partnerships, and 4.5 million corporations in the United States - a total of 22.5 million independent enterprises.

Absurdity Of Existence Illustrated In Dumb Waiter

Absurdity Of Existence Illustrated In Dumb Waiter ‘There are no hard distinctions between what is real and what is unreal, nor between what is true and what is false. A thing is not necessarily either true or false; it can be both true and false’. I believe that these assertions still make sense and do still apply to the exploration of reality through art. So as a writer I stand by them but as a citizen I cannot. As a citizen I must ask: What is true? What is false?’ ( Harold Pinter ) The theme of nothingness is one of the major themes discussed in existentialism, which, while pervading the movement, shows a common affinity between the Absurd and Existentialism rejecting all of the philosophies, sciences, political theories, and religions which fail to mirror manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s essence as a conscious being. Existentialism discovers and discusses the themes and topics which present a living crueler, darker, and more hopeless than a naturalistic or modern one. Existentialism had a great influence on the thinkers and artists of the time, an influence which led them to the revision of their insight concerning man and his position in the universe. Pinter, like existentialists is involved in the discord of living. His characterization reveals the same anguish apparent in Existentialism. Almost all of the writers who had influenced Pinterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s dramaturgy (concerning Dumb Waiter, Pinterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s work is heavily influenced by Samuel Beckett) were either founders or forerunners of the avant-garde Theatre of the Absurd. Pinter sees the funny side of the absurd. Since there is nothing for Pinter that is not funny, he employs a comic way of expression to laugh at everything, even at the tragic parts of existence. In a Pinter play, the apparently funny scene (considering Dumb Waiter, the scene in which Ben rushes toward Gus in a very threatening way) is simultaneously frightening and inhumane in terms of what the characters are experiencing. The Dumb Waiter, like many other Pinter pla ys, follows the relationship by which the nature of the man-to-man connection is analyzed. In it nothing is ever accomplished through dialogue. Most human interaction in day-to-day life accomplishes nothing more than passing time. Therefore when reading, or indeed watching the play we are overwhelmed by the futility of existence. Most conversation that occurs between Ben and Gus are pointless, and each character has trouble dealing with each other, and therefore, society. The characters are situated in a world where dream and the real are mixed up, tragic and comic are interwoven, the choice becomes a real catastrophe, and disconnected situations are what determine the individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ prospect of the future life. The two killers in The Dumb Waiter are locked up in a room before they carry out their killing. Pinter contrasts the violence of their jobs with their commonplace language and concerns; on the surface we have a bare plot accompanying with a complex implication un derneath it. It reveals a more complex reality that is not comprehensible when observed superficially; such themes as loneliness, lack of communication, fear of the world outside, and the terror of future become the major concern of the absurdist writer. It probes into the essence of manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s position in the universe and his inquiry for knowledge. The two characters on the stage, though apparently limited and undeveloped, examine a deeper and wider extent of human existence in which man is a play-thing employed by some superior beings (here someone called Wilson whose identity is unclear) to play their roles on the stage like puppets of no importance. Unaware Gus asks many questions, inquiring for knowledge, attempting to step beyond oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s limitations, an attempt which is futile in existentialism. Gus is the one who commits the crime and wants to transcend and find the cause-and-effect relationship in the course of the events, while, since the effect in exis tentialism precedes the cause, reasoning is an absurd thing. However, Gusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s desire for knowledge is discernible from the very beginning of the play: Ben. Kaw! What about this? Listen to this! He refers to the paper A man of eighty-seven wanted to cross the road. But there was a lot of traffic, see? He couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸t see how he was going to squeeze through. So he crawled under a lorry. Gus. He what? Ben. He crawled under a lorry. A stationary lorry. Gus. No? Ben. The lorry started and ran over him. Gus. Go on! Ben. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s what it says here. Gus. Get away. Ben. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s enough to make you want to puke, isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸t it? Gus. Who advised him to do a thing like that? Ben. A man of eighty-seven crawling under a lorry! Gus. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s unbelievable. Ben. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s down here in black and white. Gus. Incredible. Or considering another part of the play: GUS I asked you a question. BEN Enough! GUS (with growing agitation). I asked you before. Who moved in? You said the people who had it before moved out. Well, who moved in? BEN (hunched). Shut up GUS I told you, didn’t I? BEN (standing). Shut up! GUS (feverishly). I told you before who owned this place, didn’t I? I told you BEN hits him viciously on the shoulder. I told you who ran this place, didn’t I? BEN hits him viciously on the shoulder As it is seen in this opening conversation, It is clear here that Gus is no longer the uncertain and subservient partner. Gus questions the possibility of that event in the society. He is looking for the cause, the origin or motivation by asking, â€Å"Who advised him to do a thing like that?† Meanwhile, Ben accepts it as it is without questioning its possibility. â€Å"Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s down here in black and white†, he simply states. Gus wants to know more about his job, about the disorders he sees in the basement or those who are on the upper floor. It is this perpetual questio ning that entrants him as the victim of the final scene. He is Benà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Labrador, doing exactly as told as if he were unable to think for himself. Gus questions everything: Oh, I wanted to ask you something? . . . Gus. What time is he getting in touch? Ben reads. What time is he getting in touch? Ben. Whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s the matter with you? It could be any time. Any time . . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Gus (moves to the foot of Ben’s bed).Well, I was going to ask you a question. Ben. What? Gus. Have you noticed the time that tank takes to fill? Ben. What tank? Gus. In the lavatory. Here Gus is after knowledge so as to decrease the fear of unknown in himself while, Ben by preventing the thought of danger, does not allow the fear to imprison his mind. This, of course, makes the whole difference. Thus, the desire for knowledge itself causes the final catastrophe (the murder of Gus). If Be n had the knowledge to respond to Gusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s questions, there would be no conflict at all, and Gus could act more freely, or die knowingly. But life in Pinterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s view, like all other absurdist-existentialist writers, is a big game in which everything happens arbitrarily, and the gun that you have aimed at the other, may suddenly turn back at yourself.

Labor Laws and Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labor Laws and Unions - Essay Example AT&T purchased Bell’s assets and became the mother company of Bell in 1899. In 1927, the company launched long distance telephone service to London by use of two way radio. AT&T legally operated as a monopoly in the United States until 1984 when it settled a civil antitrust suit with the Department of Justice. This led to a split of the company and it was later restructured in 1995. AT&T remained a communications services company (www.corp.att.com) The company faces legal issues and obstacles such as copyright and illegal software dissemination actions. AT&T also faces the risk of security breach that is unique to m-commerce. Additionally, the company faces legal liability in cases regarding infringement of privacy, discriminatory acts and abuse of the market. The company, in its operation, could break several federal laws including, but not limited to the Communications Act of 1934 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The Communications Act of 1934 transferred regulation o f interstate telephone services from the inter-state commerce commission to the federal commerce commission. The Act aims to establish rapid, efficient, national and global wire and radio communication. It also requires these services to have adequate facilities at reasonable charges, for the purpose of the national defense. The Act set up a legal framework for regulating wired and wireless communication globally. It enabled the government to regulate new media technologies such as television and mobile phones. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 which was an overhaul of America’s telecommunications laws repealed sections of the Communications Act of 1934. The Act included internet in broadcasting and spectrum allotment, and allowed media cross ownership. It made the communications industry more penetrable as it let anyone enter any communications business. The Act mainly deregulated the broadcasting market. It opened markets to competition by reducing regulatory barriers. To minimize possible litigation, the company should acquire necessary licenses pertaining to its operations. Secondly, it should abide by structural regulations such as open access. Thirdly, it should eradicate discrimination rules. The company should also refrain from abusing market power. Additionally, it should take heed of antitrust law and provide consumers with security they require when using the company’s services. Part II The Communications Workers of Americ

Communication Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Communication Technology - Essay Example The meaning of the word â€Å"communication† is at once both clear and obscure. It is clear enough in conventional usage, but obscure when we seek to determine the limits of its application. To illustrate, if someone talks to another and common understanding results (indicated by mutually satisfactory action), we have no qualms about saying that communication has occurred. If, however, misunderstanding results (indicated by mutually unsatisfactory action), we are uncertain whether we should say that there has been poor, or no, communication. (David, Kenneth,1970:15). Definitions of â€Å"communication† fall into two broad categories. In one category are those definitions which limit the process of communication to those stimulus-response situations in which one deliberately transmits stimuli to evoke a response. In the other category are those definitions that include within the area of communication stimulus-response situations in which there need not be any intention of evoking a response in the transmission of the stimuli. The second category obviously overlaps the first. (David, Kenneth,1970:16) Mathematical Model of Communication: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published a model; the model uses boxes and arrows to represent the communication process. However, the model is a little bit complex. Box-and-arrow models of communication: This model breaks the communication stream into components i.e. sender, message, and receiver and the direction of influence. In the diagram below arrows go from left to right, that is, from a sender to a receiver, the idea is that it is the sender who, through messages or speeches, brings about communication influences on the receiver. Group Communication Model: This model emphasizes communication within an organization i.e. the flow of messages between two individuals or within a group of people.

Current Issues Forums Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Issues Forums Tourism - Essay Example Additionally, operators slashed prices with an aim of attracting customers. Take note that domestic tourism accounts for 75% of total industry revenue. In 2010-11, domestic tourism nights are anticipated to grow up to 256 million after three years of decline (Pambudi, 2009). During the financial crisis the globe experienced the worst economic performance. Australia’s economy was equally affected. The Conditions were changing quickly and expectations were deteriorating rapidly. It should be noted that tourism spending fell more than consumer spending on average. There was a cocooning effect with both international and Australian tourists less not willing to travel to destinations far from home (Ramis Corporation, 1995). These impacts were observed in Qantas’ profit downgrade, which led to large staff decrease and reduced capacity. Internationally the key business, conference and holiday tourism markets which are the backbone of tourism industry performance declined. It can be remembered that January and February 2009, the number of visitors arriving in Australia for business dropped by 16.5 per cent and conference visitor numbers fell by 28.7 per cent. This had a negative impact on economy. But it is important to note the economy is gradual growing after the crisis. There is a positive index of economic growth. Take for example the previous year international visitors injected around $25 billion in to the Australian economy and this would benefit everyone. Also it provides valuable employment to around half a million of the Australians (Peisley, 1992). During the crisis the tourism industry was negatively impacted and this affected the technology sector. It was observed that many small to medium technology firms are drivers of productivity for majority of sectors including the tourism. This crisis affected technology and there were fears of small firms closing due loss of Commercial Ready and the difficulty of securing

Impact of Spanish Civil War on Surrealism Art

Impact of Spanish Civil War on Surrealism Art   This investigation assesses the significance of surrealist artists responses to the Spanish Civil War and how the experiences of the horrific event were documented visually. In order to evaluate such significance, this investigation examines the impact the events the war had on surrealist art in Spain, through the use of primary recounts of the wars impact on art and visual art history, mostly focusing on works by Salvador Dalà ­ and Pablo Picasso who became world renowned for their contribution. The Spanish Civil War broke out in the summer of 1936, as did the revolution within surrealist art. It was an event that did not just affect people locally, but on an international scale. Although, European art in general was impacted by the war, this investigation will not examine the effect the war had on continental surrealism, thus will only focus on Spanish artists and their work. As the leading artists in this movement were the Spanish born artists Picasso and Dali, they will be the central focus. Two of the sources used in this essay will assess are Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War by Robin Adà ¨le Greenley and The Secret Life of Salvador Dalà ­ by Salvador Dalà ­ will be evaluated for their origins, purposes, values and limitations. This investigation does not assess the difference in ideologies (Republicanism versus Nationalism) tearing apart Spain, nor does it assess other surrealist art movements in literature, philosophy, film, architecture or music. Background on the Spanish Civil War The summer of 1936 marked the beginning of a landmark event within modern European history: the Spanish Civil War, inviting with it a three-year tumultuous period of terror, destruction and persecution, shattering the nation. Its deep rooting ideological confrontations resulted in the intense commitment of all its participants and the loss of over half a million Spanish lives acted as a stimulus to the various international surrealist movements of the time, inspiring artists of all cultures. The creative energy focused on portraying political ideologies and illusions, the social idealisms and the military take on modern warfare, documenting the hopes and despair of the participants in this Kafkaesque war. The fall of the crumbling Spanish Monarchy and the dissatisfying Second Republic, and the electoral success of the leftist Popular Front, a rebellion against the newly elected government erupted. The Falange or the Nationalists, lead by General Franco, conducted a nationwide revolt, alongside General Mola. They managed to seize the key cities in Northern Spain, including Madrid. The Catalan and Basque country, both known for their persistent separatist movement, anarchism and socialism, unsurprisingly sided and remained loyal to the Republic. This politically polarized Spain, dividing the country into the Nationalist and Republicans. Mostly socialists, separatists, artists and intellectuals sided with Republicans. Franco wanted to follow Mussolinis example and establish a secular conservative regime and was supported mostly by the conservatives, the military, the royalists and the Clergy. Even though the Church and the Falange experienced some friction, they continued to remain in their marriage of convince because the Republic was seen as antidisestablishmentarian and lethally temporal. The Nationalists rose against the electoral Popular Front government and finally over threw it. The interferences from external powers such as Germany and the Soviet Union dragged out the war and worsened the conflict. Horrific events which paralyzed the country, such as the annihilation of the Basque country by the German Luftwaffes Blitzkrieg, served as inspiration which sparked the notion of a world exhibition in France, in 1937. The section dedicated to Spain was known was the Pavilion. Many artists, such as Dali, Picasso and Renau were asked to participate; each created a response to the many atrocities which occurred in the past year of the war. It was the first exhibition of its kind, prompting propaganda from countries such as Spain. Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War Surrealism, with no exact definition due to its ambiguous nature, is known for imaginative eccentricity and became a major movement in the late 1920s and throughout 1930s Europe; mostly in places like Germany and Spain. The twisted yet fantastic reality which surrealism creates is seen as an escape from the actual reality. Surrealist artist art is considered to be closely connected with Freudian psychological analysis, claiming that such warped art is an insight into a deeper psyche. The surrealist works of the Andalusian painters Dalà ­ and Picasso (amongst others) became signatures of the satirical content of the war, acting as world informants of the paralyzing happenings within the country. Although both artists had very different notions of surrealism, both artists depict the war in a grotesque, incomprehensible, violent and audacious manner which reflected the Civil War in all its accuracy. It can be concluded that the war distorted many perspectives of reality. Traditional elements of surrealism stemmed from the Dadaism movement and were subjected to metamorphosis by many artists who incorporated components from cubism, impressionism, Enlightenment and post impressionism as well as various other movements. In its purest form, surrealism had little or no affect on the civil war, in fact, prior to the war, it was much more submissive and discerning. However, the introduction of war perverted the movement in Spain most notably by Dalà ­s Autumn Cannibalism (1936) (fig. 2) and Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonition of Civil War (July, 1936) (fig. 1) and Picassos Guernika (1937) (fig. 3). Such works were considered a mutation and mockery of works of artists from previous movements like El Greco whose work was considered contemporary for his time. The Spanish surrealist art culture became a symbol of the Spanish Civil War as well as its leftist orientation and the Republic. This demonstrated the highly interlinked nature of political and cultural developments in 1930s Spain. Architects, like Alphonse Laurencic, drew inspiration from the twisted works of Dali, Kandinsky and Klee among others to invent a form of psychotechnic torture found in the mind-bending prison-cells and torture chambers of Barcelona and elsewhere, built in 1938. Jose Millicua suggested that through the use of the psychological properties of colors and geometric abstraction found in these works, Laurencic created a hell that would physically distort and mentally disturb the victim connecting the growing art culture with the growing militaristic government. Section C Evaluation of Sources [400w] Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War was written by Robin Adà ¨le Greenley, a respected art historian, currently Latin American Studies professor at the Connecticut University. The book, published in 2006 by Yale University Press, New Haven, is a critical interpretation of Surrealist art works by five artists, including, Dali and Picasso. The purpose of Greenleys work is an attempt to unravel the correspondence between aesthetics and politics during the Spanish Civil War and focuses on surrealist aspects of the war, how they differed and were affected by the intense struggle plaguing the country. The value of the book is that there is a clear study of the correlation between the art and the events which took place. It is a secondary source, designed mainly for the purpose of educating. Greenley intimately analyzes how artistic practice offers unique insight into the cataclysmic debacle of war. The limitation of the book from a historical perspective are the existence of some peculia rities in relation to its subject because she examines the surrealist artists and their work immaculately, but fails to draw strong parallels between the political situation of the time and the drastic change of the movement. Her work, although useful, is mostly suited for contemporary aesthetics and critical theory. The Secret Life of Salvador Dalà ­ was written by Salvador Dali (published in 1942 in its original French, then in 2000, translated into English by Haakon M. Chevalier). The purpose of this source is a memoire, allowing an inside scope to Dalis life. The sources value is that it is a direct account from the leading artist of the Surrealist movement, providing the historian with a unique and personal insight as how the war impacted him and his work. Dali is considered one of the few misunderstood artists of his time and here the idea that his genius saves him from chaos allows us to understand him more. The book allows a deeper understanding of the awesome painter. It is a primary source and therefore is subjected to personal prejudice. Taking into account that the source is a personal memoire, Dali has grandiose his life and placed a very positive theme to everything he did with is ingenious use of words. This highlights the limitations of the source. However, he acknowledges some o f this over-the-top heroism on his part in the central chapters of his prose as false memories. The memoir written only three years after the war, and passions were still running high in Spain while many people were trying to exonerate themselves from the general violence and anarchy. Section D Analysis [650w] Both the civil war and the surrealist art movement are closely connected and referred to by Greenley, as the publics awakening of politics and pictures in the politically polarized Spain. It is an accurate description of the relationship between the cultural and political aspects of the war, pointing out how closely connected the two were, although they are often treated as two separate issues within the 1930s. Common Themes in Surrealist Art Spains political polarization was that of artistic polarization too. The Spanish artistic culture were more than just a visual voice of the wars terrors; they took a more proactive role within the war, thus recording and commenting on the accounts of the petrifying events from a firsthand perspective. The perversion of the surrealist art movement was done in a manner that possibly was perfectly collaborated between all artists. There is no evidence that suggests this, however. The idea of the body as a political metaphor for the country, the people, the artist, for the audience to relate to was simply a trend that caught on. The lewd art united the people, it was not only those who were suffering on Spanish soils, but those who had suffered from the previous war and the various other struggles that were happening concurrently or had passed recently. The surrealistic art evolved and functioned in ways that one can relate his stylistic consistencies to his wild political swings Both Gr eenley and Dalà ­ agree that that surrealism is the portrayal horrific metaphor for the physical annihilation of life. Prevalent abstract portrayal in surrealist works Fundamental components which make up work such as that of Dalà ­ and Picasso were considered contemporary, even for surrealism and, to some extent, were frowned upon and considered the assassination of painting. These innovative elements found in surrealism seemed to pervert the movement making reality more abhorrent and unnatural, but at the same time it acted as an escape from the living nightmares of their reality allowing life to have a more satirical texture to it. Things such as disembodied humans, genitals, death, destruction, furniture and foods even references to religion and Catholicism became the norm in surrealist works represented the supple irony of the artists lives as well as that of the people; they were painting from their perspective of a war that created a reality for the world that was so obscene, it could not be captured any other way Spains political polarization was that of artistic polarization too. The Spanish artistic culture were more than just a visual voice of the wars terrors; they took a more proactive role within the war, thus recording and commenting on the accounts of the petrifying events from a firsthand perspective. The perversion of the surrealist art movement was done in a manner that possibly was perfectly collaborated between all artists. There is no evidence that suggests this, however. The idea of the body as a political metaphor for the country, the people, the artist, for the audience to relate to was simply a trend that caught on. The lewd art united the people, it was not only those who were suffering on Spanish soils, but those who had suffered from the previous war and the various other struggles that were happening concurrently or had passed recently. The surrealistic art evolved and functioned in ways that one can relate his stylistic consistencies to his wild political swings Both Gr eenley and Dalà ­ agree that that surrealism is the portrayal horrific metaphor for the physical annihilation of life. Use of media Elements of Spanish Surrealism became mostly to do with fascism in a farcical, perverse form of display, causing a ruin of surrealism. This was mostly Dalis movement, joined with other surrealists like Rene Magritte and Max Ernst. Dali, in particular, served as the main revolutionary artist to this complex way of painting. The constant elements of his works were things he found some sort of fascination in as a child such as food, death, the idea of sexuality, the human anatomy, insects, a crutch, and various other strange items which he later turned into a satirical, metaphorical component for his work. The idea of the body as a political metaphor became a fast trend throughout Surrealists work. The body came to represent many concepts of the happenings within their lives. It was a metaphor for the artists body, a body wounded by war and its ritualized combat, personal strife of civilians and artists, of politicized or sexualized body, an indicator of unconscious desires as well as body mechanisms acting as a transgression of avant-garde within the social context. It was created in a fashion as a universal component; anyone and everyone could relate to the art effortlessly. Picassos Guernika (1937) utilized these aspects to create an unconscious conception of war, where the strong prey on the weak as a response to the Pavilion,capturing the violence and the disruptive nature of the confusion of private sexuality. It was a symbol of Guernicas struggle and suffering after its violation by the German Blitzkrieg attack. Dalis Autumn Cannibalism (1936) also took into consideration these components, as well as his signature elements to represent the Kafkaesque idea of the war with a more ironic twist than Picassos art. Dalis work making mockery of bourgeoisie and the subtle grotesque manner in which this war is carried out, an element of sadomasochistic aggression between the two faceless, closely entwined figures that have an almost parasitic feel to them, turning a seemingly amorous kiss into a fatal, inescapable trap; underlining the murderous violence depicted. Artists social and political issues in their work A majority of the art responses to the war were surrealist, proving an obvious correlation between the two events. The war had an overwhelming impact of the surrealist art movement inspiring artists such as Dalà ­ and Picasso throughout Spain. Section E Conclusion [200w] It is evident the Spanish Civil War had an impact on the surrealist visual art movement and altered, significantly, the ways in which the movement was captured. The fundamental elements and secondary components that such works were composed of obtained many satirical and metaphorical characteristics which were impacted very much by the war. Previously, the image of the body as a perverse form of political metaphor was not thought of and therefore rarely appeared in surrealist paintings for the mutation of the body was seen as sacrilegious, and in doing so, the already worrying contemporary art became aesthetically tormenting The perverse maturity of the images from artists such as Dalà ­ and Picasso have been used as ideal examples of this epic movement which altered not only the way people saw their reality but the global ideal of art and art history. The Spanish Civil War did impact surrealist visual art in Spain by forcing the elements of the work not only more uniform among the artists but changed them to represent something more than the war in their minds.

Feedback Stress: Does Auditory Feedback Negatively Affect Performance o

The Stroop Effect In his historic study, Stroop found that reading names of colors interfered with individuals’ ability to name the ink color the word was printed in when the two differed (i.e., the word â€Å"BLUE† written in red ink) (1935). However, the basis of this phenomenon can be traced back to Cattell who found that naming colors and pictures took twice as long to accomplish than reading the word these colors or pictures represented (1886). He concluded that this was due to reading being an automatic process while identifying colors or pictures requires a conscious effort (Cattell, 1886). MacLeod (1991) reflects that it was Cattell’s work which strongly influenced future psychologist including Stroop. In his experiment, Stroop investigated how the reaction time to name colors increased when it conflicted with the automatic process of reading. He broke down his experiment into three parts. In the first, he tested how reading the name of a color printed in a different ink color (i.e., BLUE) differed from reading the name of a color printed in black ink (i.e., BLUE). The difference between the name of the color and the ink color it was printed in caused a slight interference resulting in an increased reaction time of 2.3 seconds (Stroop, 1935). In the second part of his experiment, Stroop (1935) looked at reaction time differences between naming the color of solid blocks (i.e., ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"  ) versus naming the color of the ink not the name of the color (i.e., responding â€Å"RED† for BLUE). He found that participants required 74% more time to name the color of the ink when it did not agree with the name of the color (Stroop, 1935). Stroop concluded that it was the interference between the automatic process of reading the na... ...a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 254-284. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254 MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop Effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163-203. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 Richards, A., French, C. C., Johnson, W. Naparstek, J., & Williams, J. (1992). Effects of mood manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task. British Journal of Psychology, 83(4), 479-491. Shor, R. E. (1975). An auditory analog of the Stroop test. Journal of General Psychology, 93(2), 281-288. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643-662. Thorndike, E. L. (1913). Educational psychology, volume ii: The psychology of learning. New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University.

Describe The World Economies In The Past 30 Years

Q1: Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Britain, North America, and Hong Kong? Over the last 30 years the integration of global markets along with the accessibility of international products and services has grown exponentially. The overall affect of this globalization has yet to be realized, but in the short term for the middle and lower class echelon of thee fore mentioned economies, globalization has been devastating.In the first few pages of Chapter 1 â€Å"International Business (Competing in the Global Marketplace)† an example is given referencing the necessity for international healthcare due to the rising cost and inaccessibility to quality healthcare in the United States. The most interesting part of this example to me was the following statement. â€Å"Some insurance companies are starting to experiment with payment for foreign treatment at internationally ac credited hospitals†.(Hill, 2011) Initially I found this statement comforting in the fact that insurance companies were thinking outside of a microeconomic healthcare model in order to better serve the people that they insure. On a larger scale this statement is disconcerting. It is disconcerting in the fact that everything associated in our healthcare system from equipment supply to the education and utilization of our medical professionals is either being mismanaged or financial gouged by government and the private market. As a result of the gauging, like any other business cheaper goods and services are being sought out elsewhere.It is astounding that it is cheaper to fly to another country and have a major surgical procedure performed at a quarter of the cost then it would be if performed in the United States. â€Å"Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. † (Hill, 2011) My concern is what does an interdependent wor ld economy mean for the micro economies of each participating nation. Larger corporations clearly have an advantage and need for globalization from a profitable standpoint, but it is not justcorporations who have something to loose or gain from globalization. The Globalization of markets from a trade perspective is great thing for consumers. The globalization of production is a bad thing for most major industrialized nations. By globalizing markets and trade people are allowed to experience and purchase a multitude of goods and services that would otherwise be unknown on an international scale. Globalization also allows companies to tap into foreign markets a lot easier. At the same time, globalization of production hurts each countries job market in some form.For example outsourcing-manufacturing production from the United States to countries that have a cheap labor force and fewer restrictions hurts the American workforce. In contrast countries that allow an influx of manufacturin g from foreign countries become dependent upon those companies much like a drug user becomes dependent on a drug. When those companies leave for whatever reason the aftermath can be disastrous. A good example of this is the Malaysian market. â€Å"Manufacturing industry is an important engine of economic growth for the Malaysian economy. In 1987, it contributed 19. 8% of the gross domestic product (GDP).That contribution increased to 24. 6% in 1990 and 44. 8% per cent in 2001. † (Tsen, 2005) Since foreign product manufacturing became such a huge part of Malaysia’s GDP they are subjugated to the changes in the micro economies in which the manufacturing corporations are dependent upon for sales. Most of the companies that the Malaysian manufacturing job market were subject to the micro economy of the United States of America. In 2008 a global financial crisis began to take shape and as a result the American consumer market infrastructure began too fail. As a result of th ese failing the Malaysian manufacturing market started to dissipate.This dissipation is reflected in the importation and exportation of goods from Malaysia. The ADBI Institute stated in a working paper by Shankaran Nambiar â€Å"Malaysia and the Global Crisis: Impact, Response, and Rebalancing Strategies†. â€Å"Two economic indicators that show the impact of the current crisis are exports and the industrial production index. Export figures, which were doing well in the first three quarters of 2008, took a downturn towards the end of that year (Figure 3). In January 2008, exports increased by 10. 4% (year-on-year), and more–or-less doubled to 20. 9% in April 2008.However, in October 2008, a negative figure was reported (-2. 6%), only to decline more deeply as the months progressed. In December 2008 a decline was registered (-14. 9%), which worsened in January 2009 (-27. 8%). Imports, which tend to follow export trends rather closely in Malaysia, reported a similar pat tern. Imports increased by about 11% (year-on-year) in February 2008 and exceeded 10% in the months of June and July 2008 (12. 5% and 15. 0%, respectively).Again, the change in imports fell into negative territory from October 2008, falling from -5. 3% in that month to -23.1% in December 2008 and dropping to -32. 0% in January 2009. † (Nambiar, 2009) This huge drop in GDP production was a direct result of the Malaysian economy being a slave to the foreign marketplace, particularly the United States. The financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 directly rivaled the Great Depression of the 1930’s, even more so because it became a Global Financial Crises. It was just not the United States. It was Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Japan. All of these countries are tied together economically and therefore are subject to the validity of the consumer marketplace micro and macro economically.Britain, North America, and Hong Kong are tied together economically because of Globa lization each other economy are become more dependent on one another. If one economy begins to falter for whatever reason, the effects are felt globally. Globalization brings along a new level of responsibility and morality, a level that must transcend ethnic, religious, and cultural barriers and focus solely on the stability of their micro economies, with an emphasis on macro economical growth. Globalization is a balancing act that governments and corporations must manage responsibly or financial disaster will most likely ensue.